The evidence behind the guides

Sources

Find a study, check what it supports, and follow it back to a concern.

TopicCollection

Sources for Difficulty tracing claims to primary sources

2 sources

Guide citations are still under editorial review.

Liu, Zhang and Liang · Findings of EMNLP 2023 Research study

Evaluating Verifiability in Generative Search Engines (original source, new tab)

Citation coverage and support in four then-current search systems; results should not be treated as current product rankings.

Pew Research Center · July 2025 Observational study

Google users are less likely to click on links when an AI summary appears in the results (original source, new tab)

March 2025 browsing from a US panel; association does not establish that summaries alone caused the difference.

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