The evidence behind the guides

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Sources for Dual-use scientific research risks

2 sources

Guide citations are still under editorial review.

Urbina and colleagues · Nature Machine Intelligence 2022 Research commentary and computational demonstration

Dual use of artificial-intelligence-powered drug discovery (original source, new tab)

Illustrates misuse potential of molecular-design objectives; computational candidates are not demonstrated usable weapons.

Nature Communications · 2025 Research perspective

Risks of AI scientists: prioritizing safeguarding over autonomy (original source, new tab)

Discusses possible vulnerabilities in AI systems linked to scientific tools; not evidence that all proposed hazards occurred.

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